Effective strategies for improving speaking fluency include practicing regularly with language partners or tutors, shadowing native speakers, recording and analyzing speech, engaging in role-playing or simulations, and participating in conversation groups or language exchange meetups. Regular practice with language partners or tutors provides opportunities to engage in real-life conversations and receive feedback on pronunciation and fluency. Shadowing native speakers involves listening to and imitating speech patterns and intonation to improve spoken fluency. Recording and analyzing speech allows learners to identify areas for improvement and track progress over time. Role-playing or simulations provide opportunities to practice conversational skills in a controlled environment, while conversation groups or language exchange meetups offer opportunities for spontaneous interaction with other learners and native speakers.