Effective methods for improving vocabulary include reading extensively in the target language, using flashcards or spaced repetition systems, practicing word association techniques, keeping a vocabulary journal, and engaging in conversation with native speakers. Reading extensively exposes learners to a wide range of vocabulary in context, while flashcards or spaced repetition systems aid in memorization. Word association techniques help reinforce connections between words, and keeping a vocabulary journal allows for personalized learning and review. Engaging in conversation with native speakers provides opportunities to use and expand vocabulary in real-life situations.